By exploreodisha.in 
Sambalpur, one of the oldest and culturally richest districts of Odisha, is a land of history, heritage, and traditions. Situated in western Odisha, the district is known for its vibrant Sambalpuri culture, ancient temples, and significant contributions to India’s freedom movement. This article explores the historical, cultural, economic, and geographical details of Sambalpur, offering a comprehensive understanding of the district.
Ancient History of Sambalpur
The history of Sambalpur can be traced back to ancient times when it was known as “Sambalaka” in historical texts and inscriptions. The region finds mention in ancient scriptures, including the Mahabharata, where it is said to have connections with various rulers and dynasties.
During the 3rd century BCE, Sambalpur was under the rule of the Mauryan Empire, particularly under Emperor Ashoka, whose influence spread across Odisha. The district was later ruled by the Chedi dynasty, followed by the Guptas and Harsha Empire.
One of the most significant dynasties to rule the region was the Soma Vamsi Dynasty, under which Sambalpur flourished as a center of art, culture, and trade. The region’s temples and architectural marvels date back to this period.
Medieval History and Chauhan Dynasty Rule
During the medieval period, Sambalpur came under the rule of the Chauhan Dynasty, which played a crucial role in shaping the region’s culture and governance. The most notable ruler of this dynasty was Balaram Dev, who is credited with establishing the Sambalpur kingdom in the 16th century. He was responsible for building the historic Samaleswari Temple, dedicated to Goddess Samaleswari, the presiding deity of Sambalpur.
The Chauhan rulers promoted local art, architecture, and religious practices, making Sambalpur a significant cultural center in eastern India. The region also saw trade growth, with merchants dealing in textiles, spices, and minerals.
Sambalpur During Colonial Rule
The 18th and 19th centuries were marked by the advent of British rule in Sambalpur. Following the Third Anglo-Maratha War (1817), the British annexed Sambalpur from the Marathas. The people of Sambalpur fiercely resisted British rule, making the region an important center of resistance during India’s struggle for independence.
One of the most notable freedom fighters from Sambalpur was Veer Surendra Sai, who led a prolonged armed rebellion against the British in the mid-19th century. Surendra Sai, along with his followers, fought against colonial oppression, opposing unjust policies and taxation. His efforts were instrumental in igniting the spirit of freedom in western Odisha.
During British rule, Sambalpur’s rich coal and mineral resources were exploited for industrial purposes, and the region witnessed infrastructure development, including railway expansion. However, the economic policies of the British created hardships for the local population, leading to widespread resentment.
Post-Independence Development of Sambalpur
After India gained independence in 1947, Sambalpur became an integral part of Odisha. The district saw rapid industrialization and infrastructural growth, with the establishment of major projects such as the Hirakud Dam, one of the largest earthen dams in the world. The dam, constructed across the Mahanadi River, provides irrigation, hydroelectric power, and flood control, significantly contributing to the region’s development.
Over the years, Sambalpur has emerged as an educational and industrial hub, with the establishment of institutions like Sambalpur University and several industries in the sectors of textiles, mining, and agriculture.
Geography and Climate of Sambalpur
Sambalpur is located in the western part of Odisha, sharing borders with Jharsuguda, Sundargarh, Bargarh, and Deogarh districts. The district covers an area of approximately 6,702 square kilometers, with a mix of hilly terrain, forests, and fertile plains.
Climate
- Sambalpur experiences a tropical monsoon climate with hot summers, moderate monsoons, and mild winters.
- Summer (March to June): Temperatures can soar above 40°C, making it one of the hottest regions in Odisha.
- Monsoon (July to September): The district receives significant rainfall, primarily due to the southwest monsoon, benefiting agriculture.
- Winter (October to February): The climate is pleasant, with temperatures ranging from 10°C to 25°C, making it an ideal time for tourism.
Culture and Traditions of Sambalpur
Sambalpur is widely known for its rich cultural heritage, deeply influenced by traditional music, dance, textiles, and festivals.
Sambalpuri Weaving and Textiles
One of the most famous aspects of Sambalpur’s culture is Sambalpuri Handloom Textiles, known for their intricate patterns and vibrant colors. The Sambalpuri Saree, featuring traditional Bandha (Ikat) weaving, is recognized globally for its craftsmanship.
Folk Dance and Music
- Dalkhai Dance: A traditional folk dance performed by young women during festivals.
- Rasarkeli and Karma Dance: Popular tribal dances that celebrate nature and life.
- Sambalpuri Folk Songs: These songs, known for their lively beats, have gained international recognition, with many Bollywood and regional films featuring them.
Festivals
- Nuakhai: A major festival in Sambalpur, celebrating the first harvest of the season. It symbolizes prosperity and gratitude towards nature.
- Sital Sasthi: A grand festival dedicated to Lord Shiva and Goddess Parvati, celebrated with elaborate processions.
Tourist Attractions in Sambalpur
Sambalpur is home to several historical, religious, and natural attractions, drawing tourists from across the country.
1. Samaleswari Temple
Dedicated to Goddess Samaleswari, this ancient temple is the spiritual heart of Sambalpur. Thousands of devotees visit the temple, especially during festivals.
2. Hirakud Dam
Built across the Mahanadi River, the Hirakud Dam is one of India’s largest dams, offering breathtaking views and boating experiences.
3. Ghanteswari Temple
Located near the Hirakud Reservoir, this temple is known for its countless bells, which devotees ring to seek blessings.
4. Debrigarh Wildlife Sanctuary
A paradise for nature lovers, this sanctuary is home to diverse wildlife, including elephants, tigers, and leopards.
5. Huma-Duma Temple (Leaning Temple of Huma)
This unique leaning temple, dedicated to Lord Shiva, is an architectural wonder, attracting tourists and devotees alike.
Education and Infrastructure
Sambalpur has witnessed significant development in the field of education, with several prestigious institutions contributing to academic excellence. Some of the top institutions in the district include:
-
Sambalpur University – A leading university offering courses in science, arts, and technology.
-
VIMSAR (Veer Surendra Sai Institute of Medical Sciences and Research) – A premier medical college providing healthcare and education.
-
IIM Sambalpur – One of the prestigious Indian Institutes of Management, promoting management studies and research.
Economy and Industrial Growth
Sambalpur has a diversified economy driven by agriculture, textiles, industries, and mining.
- Agriculture: Major crops include paddy, pulses, oilseeds, and vegetables.
- Industries: The district has numerous industries, including coal mining, power generation, and textile weaving.
- Handloom and Cottage Industries: Sambalpuri textiles contribute significantly to employment and exports.
Conclusion
Sambalpur is a district that beautifully blends history, culture, and modern development. From its ancient roots and medieval significance to its role in India’s freedom struggle and contemporary growth, Sambalpur continues to be a symbol of resilience and heritage. With its thriving economy, cultural richness, and historical legacy, Sambalpur remains a gem in Odisha’s crown.
Whether you are a history enthusiast, a traveler, or someone eager to explore the essence of Odisha, Sambalpur has something unique to offer.